EU debt-to-GDP snapshot
-3 pp 10-year change. The gap across EU countries is 122 percentage points.
Greece
Estonia
Debt-to-GDP ratio by country
Debt-to-GDP ratioThis compares public debt with the size of the economy. It is easier to read than debt in euros, because larger economies can usually carry larger debts. The EU reference level is 60%; the 10-year change below shows whether a country is moving closer to or further from that level.
10-year trend
Country comparison
| Country | Latest | 10-year change |
|---|---|---|
| EU27 average | 82 % | -3 pp |
| Greece | 146 % | -34 pp |
| Italy | 137 % | +2 pp |
| France | 116 % | +19 pp |
| Belgium | 108 % | +2 pp |
| Spain | 101 % | -2 pp |
| Portugal | 90 % | -41 pp |
| Finland | 88 % | +20 pp |
| Austria | 82 % | -4 pp |
| Hungary | 75 % | -1 pp |
| Slovenia | 66 % | -18 pp |
| Germany | 64 % | -8 pp |
| Slovakia | 61 % | +10 pp |
| Poland | 60 % | +9 pp |
| Romania | 59 % | +22 pp |
| Croatia | 56 % | -26 pp |
| Cyprus | 55 % | -57 pp |
| Latvia | 47 % | +9 pp |
| Malta | 46 % | -9 pp |
| Netherlands | 44 % | -19 pp |
| Czechia | 44 % | +5 pp |
| Lithuania | 40 % | -3 pp |
| Sweden | 35 % | -10 pp |
| Ireland | 33 % | -41 pp |
| Bulgaria | 30 % | +4 pp |
| Denmark | 28 % | -17 pp |
| Luxembourg | 26 % | +5 pp |
| Estonia | 24 % | +13 pp |
What this calculator is useful for
Government debt-to-GDP ratio is the most-watched single number for a country's fiscal health. This tool compares all 27 EU member states side-by-side, with the EU27 average as a benchmark, using official Eurostat figures.
Use it to compare public debt in context instead of looking at debt totals alone. Debt-to-GDP relates what a government owes to the size of the economy that supports it.
How to read the result
Higher ratios can signal less fiscal space, but the number is not a default forecast. Interest rates, growth, currency, maturity profile and institutions all affect what the ratio means.
What to check next
Compare countries over time and against peers. A single year can be distorted by recession, inflation, bank rescues or statistical revisions.
Plain-language notes
Use this section if the finance words on the page are new to you. The calculator is meant to support a decision, not to reward perfect terminology.
- Debt-to-GDP: public debt compared with the size of the economy. It is context, not a household-style affordability test.
What to compare
Compare at least two scenarios before trusting the first answer. A useful result should tell you what changes if income, costs, rates, or timing move.